Patchouli

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth; also patchouly or pachouli) is a species from the genus Pogostemon and a bushy herb of the mint family, with erect stems, reaching two or three feet (about 0.75 metre) in height and bearing small, pale pink-white flowers. The plant is native to tropical regions of Asia, and is now extensively cultivated in China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Mauritius, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, as well as West Africa.


The heavy and strong scent of patchouli has been used for centuries in perfumes, and more recently in incense, insect repellants, and alternative medicines. The word derives from the Tamil patchai (Tamil: பச்சை) (green), ellai (Tamil: இலை) (leaf).[1] In Assamese it is known as xukloti.

Pogostemon cablin, P. commosum, P. hortensis, P. heyneasus and P. plectranthoides are all cultivated for their oils and all are known as 'patchouli' oil, but P. cablin is considered superior.

Uses
In several Asian countries, such as Japan and Malaysia, patchouli is used as an antidote for venomous snakebites. The plant and oil have many claimed health benefits in herbal folk-lore and the scent is used to induce relaxation. Chinese medicine uses the herb to treat headaches, colds, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Patchouli oil can be purchased from mainstream Western pharmacies and alternative therapy sources as an aromatherapy oil.

 

Aconitum carmichaelii

Aconitum carmichaelii is a flowering plant species native to East Asia, particularly in China and Japan. It is commonly known as (traditional Chinese: 烏頭附子; pinyin: Wu-tou Fu-zi) in Chinese, and 鳥兜 (トリカブト Torikabuto) in Japanese.
Medicinal uses
Mandarin 'Fu Zi' =daughter root, lateral root 'Wu Tou'= tuberous mother root,root truber. Wu tou is an effective anesthetic and analgesic It is considered a medicinal herb by some and the root is most commonly used to effect circulation, restore yang and expel cold. It is sometimes used topically in Dit Da Jow liniment. If not prepared properly by a trained person, it is deadly when taken internally.^{[citation needed]}The whole plant is highly toxic^[1].

Acmella oleracea

Acmella oleracea, also known under its old names Spilanthes oleracea and Spilanthes acmella and commonly referred to as Spilanthes Extract, is a flowering herb in the plant family Asteraceae, also known as toothache plant or paracress as the leaves and flower heads contain an analgesic agent spilanthol used to numb toothache. It is native to the tropics of Brazil, and is grown as an ornamental (and occasionally as a medicinal) in various parts of the world. A small, erect plant, it grows quickly and sends up gold and red flower inflorescences. It is frost-sensitive but perennial in warmer climates.
Medical uses and effects
A decoction or infusion of the leaves and flowers is a traditional remedy for stammering, toothache, stomatitis,[1] and throat complaints.[citation needed]


Acmella oleracea extract has been tested against various yeasts and bacteria and was essentially inactive.[3]

Acmella oleracea has been shown to have a strong diuretic action in rats.[4]

Spilanthes extract has been discovered to aid in saliva stimulation for people suffering from dry mouth (xerostomia). Its properties provide relief to dry mouth by enhancing saliva production.[citation needed]

Acmella oleracea extract is reported to reduce muscle tension when applied topically, and as such it aids to decrease facial lines and wrinkles that are partially caused by tense or contracted facial muscles. Application of Acmella extract is reported to result in more relaxed facial muscle, and in turn in a decrease of visible wrinkles, ageing lines, "crows feet", etc. Some people[who?] compare it to Botox, but without the toxic effects and without the need to inject it under the skin; a cheap and easy to apply herbal Botox replacement.

Masterwort

Masterwort typically refers to the plant Peucedanum ostruthium or Imperatoria ostruthium in the family Apiaceae, and not to be confused with great masterwort, Astrantia major, in the same family.
Use
The roots, collected in the spring of fall, have been known to hold many medicinal proprieties such as tonic, antiseptic, emmenagogue and diuretic.


They are used for flatulence problems, asthma, kidney and bladder stones and water retention. Masterwort tea can help in relieving migraines and stimulating the immune system.

Warburgia salutaris

Warburgia salutaris (Muranga, Pepper Bark Tree, peperbasboom in Afrikaans, isiBaha in Zulu) is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and other African nations. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a popular medicinal plant and is overharvested in the wild, another reason for its endangerment.^[1]
Medicinal uses


This plant is used medicinally by the Maasai people to treat malaria.^[4] It is used as a snuff or smoked for respiratory complaints such as common cold and cough.^[2] The bark can be purchased at markets in Tanzania,^[5] and elsewhere.^[6] Extracts of the bark of the tree show antimicrobial activity.^[3]



Urginea maritima

The plant Urginea maritima (syn. Scilla maritima, Urginea scilla, Drimia maritima or Urginea pancration) has the common names red squill, sea squill, sea onion, ein sit, and ada sogani. The name red squill may be reserved for a variety of the plant which has red-tinted flowers instead of the more common white. It may be placed in family Hyacinthaceae with squills of genus Scilla or included in family Liliaceae, depending on which classification system is used.
Uses
It has been used for medicinal purposes. The bulb contains cardiac glycosides which stimulate the heart and act as diuretics in moderate doses, and are emetic and poisonous in larger doses. The juice of the bulb causes blisters when put in contact with skin. The plant has been used as a rodenticide and may show promise as an insecticide. The most active compounds in the plant are scillirosides, especially proscillaridine A. In the past, it has also been used as an abortifacient. This particular use is rarely seen today as it has been shown to be dangerous and largely ineffective.

Argemone mexicana

Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, cardo or cardosanto) is a species of poppy found in Mexico and now widely naturalized in the United States, India and Ethiopia. An annual herb with bright yellow sap, it has been used by many people including those in its native area, the Natives of the western US and parts of Mexico.^[1]
Medicinal uses
The Seri of Sonora, Mexico use the entire plant both fresh and dried. An infusion is made to relieve kidney pain, to help expel a torn placenta, and in general to help cleanse the body after parturition.[1]



When the Spanish arrived in Sonora they added this plant to their pharmacopia and called it cardosanto, which should not be mistranslated to blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus). Use in Hispanic cultures includes as a sedative and analgesiac tea, including for use to help alleviate migrane headaches. The seeds are taken as a laxative.[4]

The seed-pods secrete a pale-yellow latex substance when cut open. This argemone resin contains berberine and protopine, and is used medicinally as a sedative.[citation needed]

Argemone mexicana is used by traditional healers in Mali to treat malaria.[5]

Katkar oil poisoning causes epidemic dropsy, with symptoms including extreme swelling, particularly of the legs.

Bitter orange

The name "bitter orange", also known as Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, and marmalade orange, refers to a citrus tree (Citrus aurantium) and its fruit. Many varieties of bitter orange are utilized for their essential oil, which is used in perfume and as a flavoring. Bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant. Slivers of the rind are used to give marmalade its characteristic bitter taste.




After the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the herbal stimulant ephedra, manufacturers substituted bitter orange in many herbal weight-loss products,[2] despite similar concerns about potential serious side effects and lack of effectiveness.[3][4] In a recent article by the publication Consumer Reports, it was furthermore reported that use of bitter orange may be associated with "fainting, heart-rhythm disorders, heart attack, stroke, [and] death".[5]

Uses
The extract of bitter orange (and bitter orange peel) has been used in dietary supplements as an aid to fat loss and as an appetite suppressant, although in traditional Chinese medicine it is always prescribed in concert with other support herbs, not alone. Bitter orange contains the tyramine metabolites N-methyltyramine, octopamine and synephrine,[9] substances similar to epinephrine, which acts on the α1 adrenergic receptor to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure and heart rate.[10][11]




Following bans on the herbal stimulant ephedra in the U.S., Canada, and elsewhere, bitter orange has been substituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by dietary supplement manufacturers.[2] While bitter orange has not undergone formal safety testing, it can cause the same spectrum of adverse events as ephedra.[12] Case reports have linked bitter orange supplements to strokes,[13][14] angina,[9] and ischemic colitis.[15]



The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that "there is currently little evidence that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."[4] There is no evidence that bitter orange is effective in promoting weight loss.[3]



Following the presentation of a healthy young man with a myocardial infarction (heart attack), a case study and subsequent literature review found that the makers of "nutritional supplements" who replaced ephedrine with its analogs p-synephrine and/or p-octopamine from "bitter orange" had in effect simply found a loophole in the FDA's April 2004 regulation banning ephedra in those supplements by substituting a similar substance the regulation did not address, while permitting them to label the products as "ephedra-free".[16]

Drug interactions
Bitter oranges may seriously interact with drugs such as statins in a similar way to grapefruit.[17]